From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.
Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world.
When it comes to cancer, the sooner you know you have it, the better your chances of surviving.
A new blood test could change the way doctors and researchers find cancer in patients. Researchers say the test could provide clues to the early forms of the disease.
Scientists at the University of Swansea in Wales came up with the idea.
Gareth Jenkins is a professor at the university. He says he and his team did not look for cancer. They instead looked for a by-product of cancer. They looked for, what Jenkins calls, the collateral damage of cancer – the damage left by the disease.
In this case, the by-product was mutated red blood cells.
"In this blood test we don't measure the presence of cancer, we measure the presence of mutated red blood cells which are the collateral damage that occurs -- a by-product of the cancer developing."
The researchers used normal laboratory equipment to perform the tests. This equipment looks for changes in the structure of millions of red blood cells. Those mutated cells lack a surface protein that healthy cells normally have.
"The essence of the test is looking for very rare cells which have picked up a mutation. The number of mutated red blood cells in a healthy person are around 5 or so mutant cells per million; so, you have to look at millions of red blood cells to detect those rare events. These numbers increase in cancer patients -- they go up to 40 or 50 mutants on average."
The researchers tested blood from about 300 people, all of whom have cancer of the esophagus. Patients with esophageal cancer have high levels of mutated red blood cells. Jenkins says that at this point he is not sure if other cancers would produce similar results.
"We've only been looking at esophageal cancer patients. ‘Do other types of cancer patients have high levels of these mutant red blood cells as well?’ We don't know the answer to that question at present."
The hope is that the new test and other non-invasive methods could one day become part of commonly used medical methods. He says that using a battery, or series, of tests will be the best way to find out if a person has cancer.
"A battery of tests, based on different principles looking at blood, looking at different bodily fluids -- breath, urine -- will be the best way of getting a comprehensive view of whether an individual might or might not have cancer."
These new technologies could save millions of lives.
Words in This Story
non-invasive – adj. medical : done without cutting the body or putting something into the body
collateral damage – n. injury inflicted on something other than an intended target; specifically : civilian casualties of a military operation
mutate – v. biology : to cause (a gene) to change and create an unusual characteristic in a plant or animal : to cause mutation in (a gene)
mutation – n. a significant and basic alteration
essence – n. the basic nature of a thing : the quality or qualities that make a thing what it is
battery – n. a group or series of tests; especially : a group of intelligence or personality tests given to a subject as an aid in psychological analysis
principle – n. a law or fact of nature that explains how something works or why something happens
comprehensive – adj. including many, most, or all things
view – n. an opinion or way of thinking about something